Samenvatting
De kern
- Meestal treedt een non-hodgkinlymfoom aan het licht als een pijnloze lymfeklierzwelling, soms met zogeheten B-symptomen (onverklaarde persisterende koorts, heftig nachtzweten en onverklaard gewichtsverlies).
- De diagnostiek bestaat uit lymfeklierbiopsie en stadiëringsonderzoek (anamnese, lichamelijk onderzoek, beenmergbiopsie, CT- of PET-CT-scans van hals, thorax en abdomen).
- Folliculair lymfoom (20-30% van alle NHL) is vaak indolent, met lymfadenopathie en relatief weinig B-symptomen. De behandeling varieert van watchful waiting tot combinaties van radio-, immuno- en chemotherapie in wisselende intensiteit. Allogene stamceltransplantatie biedt de enige mogelijkheid op genezing.
- Diffuus grootcellig B-cellymfoom (40% van alle NHL) begint als snel progressieve lymfadenopathie, vaak ook met B-symptomen en extranodale lokalisaties (maag-darmstelsel, skelet, centraal zenuwstelsel). De standaardbehandeling bestaat uit chemotherapie plus het monoklonale antilichaam rituximab (R-CHOP). Meer dan de helft van de patiënten geneest. Recidieven worden behandeld met hoge-dosischemotherapie en autologe stamceltransplantatie, maar slechts 25% overleeft langdurig.
Epidemiologie en pathogenese
Klinische presentatie
Diagnostiek en stadiëring
Stadium | Aangedane klierstations | |
---|---|---|
I | één lymfeklier of | |
I | E | begrensde extranodale aandoening |
II | ? 2 lymfeklierstations (eventueel aan te geven als II2, II3 enzovoort) aan dezelfde zijde van het diafragma of | |
II | E | ? 2 lymfeklierstations en begrensde aandoening van een extralymfatisch orgaan of gebied aan dezelfde zijde vanhet diafragma |
III | lymfeklierstations aan beide zijden van het diafragma | |
III | E | begrensde extranodale aandoening |
III | S | milt |
III | ES | zowel extralymfatisch orgaan als milt |
IV | diffuse/gedissemineerde extranodale aandoening in één of meer extralymfatische organen of gebieden (te specificeren door een symbool), met of zonder aandoening van lymfeklieren |
Folliculair lymfoom (FL)
Score | Risico | Percentage patiënten | Totale vijfjaarsoverleving | Totale tienjaarsoverleving |
---|---|---|---|---|
0-1 punten | laag | 36% | 91% | 71% |
2 punten | intermediair | 37% | 78% | 51% |
? 3 punten | hoog | 27% | 53% | 26% |
Behandelingen
stadium | aanpak |
---|---|
I en II | in principe curatieve radiotherapie van aangedane gebieden |
III en IV |
|
Immunochemotherapie
Chemotherapie
Radiotherapie
Radio-immunotherapie
Autologe stamceltransplantatie
Allogene stamceltransplantatie
Diffuus grootcellig B-cellymfoom (DLBCL)
Score | Risico | Totale vijfjaarsoverleving | Complete remissie |
---|---|---|---|
0-1 punten | laag | 73% | 87% |
2 punten | laag-intermediair | 51% | 67% |
3 punten | hoog-intermediair | 43% | 55% |
4-5 punten | hoog | 26% | 44% |
Primaire behandeling
Bij recidief
Nieuwste ontwikkelingen
Doelwit | Middel |
---|---|
Groeisignalen | enzastaurin, CAL-101 (PI3K-remmer), temsirolimus, fostamatinib |
Insensivering van groeiremmende signalen | vorinostat, belinostat |
Versterking van geprogrammeerde apoptose | YM155 (antisurvivine-antilichaam) |
Beperking van replicatiemogelijkheid | flavopiridol, SYK-remmers |
Remming van angiogenese | sorafenib |
Remming van invasie en metastasering | dasatinib, ibrutinib (brutontyrosinekinaseremmer) |
Immunomodulatie | lenalinomide |
Stressrespons | bortezomib, carfilzomib |
Aanbevelingen voor de huisarts
Kankerbehandeling | Klacht | Aanpak |
---|---|---|
Chemotherapie | koorts | overleg met hematoloog in verband met risico op neutropene koorts |
haaruitval, kaalheid | informatie over pruiken bij hematologieverpleegkundige | |
obstipatie (vooral bij vincristine) | dagelijks laxantia gebruiken | |
mictieklachten (vooral bij cyclofosfamide) | met name hoge doses cyclofosfamide geven kans op hemorragische cystitis; patiënten krijgen om deze reden mercapto-ethaansulfonzuur (mesna) voorafgaand aan de cyclofosfamide | |
Rituximab | groter risico op infecties | alert bij koorts en andere tekenen van infectie; laagdrempelig antibiotica starten |
hinderlijke klierzwellingen in palliatieve fase (vooral bij folliculair lymfoom) | overleg met hematoloog over de mogelijkheid te bestralen | |
lymfoedeem als gevolg van klierzwelling | compressie, oedeemtherapie ter verlichting |
Literatuur
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