Samenvatting
Inleiding
Vragenlijst | ||||
0 punten | 1 punt | 2 punten | 3 punten | |
1. Hoofdpijn | Geen | Licht | Matig | Ernstig |
2. Gastro-intestinale symptomen | Geen symptomen | Verminderde eetlust, lichte misselijkheid | Matig misselijk, braken | Ernstig misselijk, hevig braken |
3. Vermoeidheid en/of zwakte | Geen | Licht | Matig | Ernstig |
4. Duizeligheid/licht in het hoofd | Geen | Licht | Matig | Ernstig |
5. Slaapproblemen | Net als normaal | Minder goed dan normaal | Slecht, vaak wakker geworden | Helemaal niet geslapen |
Klinische verschijnselen | |||||
0 punten | 1 punt | 2 punten | 3 punten | 4 punten | |
6. Mentale toestand | Geen verandering | Sloom/afwezig | Desoriëntatie/verwardheid | Verminderd bewustzijn | Coma |
7. Ataxie (enkel-teenlopen) | Geen ataxie | Moet corrigeren | Stapt van de lijn | Valt | Kan niet staan |
8. Perifeer oedeem | Geen | Op 1 locatie | Op ? 2 locaties |
Laag
|
Matig
|
Hoog
|
Landelijk Coördinatiecentrum Reizigersadvisering | Wilderness Medical Society |
40-44 kg: 250 mg ACZ (125 mg + 125 mg)45-62 kg: 375 mg ACZ (250 mg + 125 mg)63-80 kg: 500 mg ACZ (250 mg + 250 mg)81-98 kg: 625 mg ACZ (375 mg + 250 mg)99-116 kg: 750 mg ACZ (500 mg + 250 mg)> 116 kg: 875 mg ACZ (500 mg + 375 mg) | 250 mg ACZ (125 mg + 125 mg) |
Methode
Systematische zoekopdracht
Uitkomstmaten
Inclusiecriteria
Beoordeling van methodologische kwaliteit
Statistische analyse
Resultaten
Onderzoeksselectie
Onderzoek | Randomisering | Blindering | Onderzoeksuitval | KwaliteitR/B/U |
Basnyat 2003 | Random allocation, with each container taken out and assigned to the next person before that person was identified. Randomization code was drawn up by a neutral party. | Double-blind, placebo-controlled. Study capsules were visually indistinguishable, and neither study administrators nor participants knew the identity of any of the study capsules. | 42 lost to follow-up: they were spread almost evenly between the treatment and placebo groups. | 2/2/1 |
Basnyat 2006 | Random treatment group assignment codes were prepared by Deurali-Janata Pharmaceuticals and placed in sealed opaque envelopes unavailable to the study administrators. | Double-blind, placebo-controlled. The placebo substance was visually identical to the ACZ, and both placebo and drug were packed in identical capsules. | Eighteen (12%) were lost to follow-up. Those lost to follow-up had similar demographic characteristics. | 2/2/1 |
Basnyat 2008 | Computer generated randomization of commercial pharmaceutical grade acetazolamide and placebo were carried out by Deurali Janata Pharmaceuticals. | Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants received either ACZ 250 mg BID or visually identical appearing placebo tablets BID. | 25 participants dropped out or disqualified for stopping study drugs or taking non-study ACZ. | 2/2/1 |
Basnyat 2011 | Randomization of spironolatone, ACZ and placebo was conducted by Deurali-Janta Pharmaceuticals. | Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Visually identical spironolactone 50 mg BID, ACZ 250 mg BID, or placebo BID. | 35 lost to follow-up and 25 broke protocol. | 2/2/1 |
Burki 1992 | The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. | Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | Subject 2 had to be excluded due to severe AMS. | 1/1/1 |
Chow 2005 | We developed a randomization sequence by drawing cards out of a hat, using 25 labeled cards for each group. Randomization for this sequence was achieved by passing out study drug packages in numerical order. | Double-blind fashion. Study medications were prepared as identical-appearing capsules by our hospital pharmacy, placed in identical-appearing packages with enclosed administration instructions, and affixed with serial study numbers. | 10 subjects withdrew before ascent and 1 descended after ascent, accompanying a subject who developed HACE. | 2/2/0 |
Ellsworth 1987 | Randomized using a random number table. | Double blind, placebo controlled. Identical appearing capsules. | Subjects failed to reach the summit: 3 taking placebo (AMS), 1 taking ACZ (fatigue, did not have AMS), 1 taking dexamethasone (AMS). | 2/2/1 |
Ellsworth 1991 | Using a random numbers table. The order of active drug or placebo administration was assigned randomly as well. | Double blind, placebo-controlled. The drugs were packaged in identical appearing pink capsules by Pharmaceutical Services, University of Washington. | No withdrawals, but not mentioned. | 2/2/0 |
Gertsch 2004 | Randomisation code was computer generated by Deurali-Janta Pharmaceuticals. | Double blinded, placebo controlled. | 127 lost to follow-up. | 2/1/1 |
Gertsch 2010 | Study medications were randomized via computergenerated code. Participants were sequentially enrolled. | Double blinded, placebo controlled. Visually identical capsules by Deurali-Janta Pharmaceuticals. | 78 lost to follow-up. | 2/2/1 |
Greene 1981 | Participants were paired for age, sex, and likely activities, and each member of each pair was allocated at random. An error in allocation of capsules led to the re-arrangement of two pairs. | Double-blind. Identically presented placebo. | No one left the expedition. | 1/2/1 |
Hackett 1976 | Tablets were packaged into small plastic bags and selected at random. | Double blind, placebo. Plastic bags were coded for later identification. Neither the subject nor the investigator knew which being given. | 126 turned back (headache, dizziness, and shortness of breath). 278 completed the questionnaire. | 1/2/1 |
Larson 1982 | Using a random number table. | Double-blind, placebo. Packets containing tablets and data collection forms were prepared by persons not directly involved with the study. | 5 subjects (2 ACZ and 3 placebo) did not leave base camp (excessive fatigue or inadequate clothing). | 2/2/1 |
Parati 2012 | Randomized | Double-blind, placebo controlled | Three subjects were not included in the analysis because of their need to be treated with dexamethasone for acute mountain sickness symptoms (two subjects on PL and one subject on AC). One subject in the AC group did not ascend to the high altitude shelter for personal reasons and another subject from the same group was not compliant with the prescribed treatment. Thus, data analysis was performed from 19 subjects on AC and 20 subjects on PL. | 1/1/1 |
Reinhart 1994 | Randomized | Double-blind, placebo controlled | A female receiving ACZ dropped out; because of dyspnea, tachypnea, and tachyarrhythmia. | 1/1/1 |
Utz 1970 | Randomisierung mit hilfe von Zufallszahlen, Geigy-Tabellen | Doppelblind. Die Zuteilung van ACZ und placebo war für die Dauer des Hohenaufenthaltes weder den Probanden noch dem Untersuchungsleiter bekannt. | No withdrawals, but not mentioned. | 2/2/0 |
Van Patot 2008 | Subjects were matched by age, gender, height, and weight and randomized using a random-number assignment program. | Double-blind, placebo controlled. The placebo capsules did not differ in appearance from the ACZ capsules. | No withdrawals, but not mentioned. | 2/2/0 |
Zell 1988 | Participants were randomly assigned. | Double-blind. Each subject received two vials of unmarked medications. | No withdrawals, but not mentioned. | 1/2/0 |
Effectieve acetazolamidedosis
Bijwerkingen van acetazolamide
Beschouwing
Dosering van acetazolamide
Negatieve effecten van acetazolamide
Acetazolamidedosis aangepast aan lichaamsgewicht
Indicaties voor gebruik van profylaxe voor acute hoogteziekte
Beperkingen van het onderzoek
Conclusie
Literatuur
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